Guide to CBSE Class 11 NCERT Syllabus

1. Science

Science! It’s like a superhero training ground for subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. If you’re curious about the world and love figuring out how things work, Science is your playground – perfect for future scientists and anyone who enjoys solving nature’s puzzles! It’s a great fit for those aspiring to pursue careers in fields like medicine, engineering, or scientific research.

2. Commerce

Choosing commerce is like stepping into the world of business and finance. You get to learn about money matters, how businesses run, and it’s perfect for those who dream of becoming future entrepreneurs, accountants, or financial wizards!

3. Arts (Humanities)

If you love stories, society, and expressing yourself, Arts is your stage for future writers, historians, and thinkers! It’s a creative adventure where you explore subjects like history, literature, and psychology, setting a path for those who dream of making a difference through the power of ideas and understanding.

Types of Subjects: 

1. Language (Group L)
2. Academic Electives (Group A)
3. Subject for Internal Assessment 

1. Language subjects and their syllabus

We’ve focused on the essential subjects. Keep in mind that each state has its own language subjects, so the specifics depend on the state you select.

1. Hindi Core

• Students learn about Hindi language, stories, and culture, improving their language skills and understanding of Hindi literature.

2. Hindi Elective

• Students delve into a variety of Hindi literary facets, improving language skills and deepening their understanding of cultural expressions with engaging content.

3. English Core

• In this, students engage in the comprehensive study of language, literature, and communication skills, fostering a deeper understanding of literary texts and enhancing language proficiency.
• It comprises two components: an 80-mark theory section and a 20-mark project segment.
• The examination comprises three sections: Section A with 26 marks, Section B with 23 marks, and Section C with 31 marks.

4. English Elective

• In English Elective students delve into diverse literary genres, exploring profound themes, linguistic nuances, and critical analysis, fostering a comprehensive understanding of literature.
• The examination for this subject comprises six sections, with Section 1 accounting for 25 marks, Section 2 for 15 marks, Section 3 for 20 marks, Section 4 for 10 marks, Section 5 for 10 marks, and Section 6 for 20 marks.

Section 1: Reading Comprehension

Section 2: Creative Writing

Section 3: Textbook

Section 4: Drama

Section 5: Fiction  Students will be assessed on remembering, thinking, understanding literary styles, using quotes from texts, sharing opinions, and explaining with clarity.

Section 6: Seminar The curriculum includes presenting a book review, play, short story, novel, novella, and poetry reading, followed by interactive sessions, as well as engaging in critical reviews of films, documentaries, or plays, and conducting theatre workshops, all capped with insightful discussions.

2. Academic Elective Subjects and their Streams.

1. Accountancy (Commerce Stream)

• Class 11 CBSE Accountancy introduces students to the basics of financial record-keeping and understanding business transactions.
• This subject includes both theoretical and project components, using an 80+20 marking system.
• The NCERT syllabus is divided into three parts. Part A is Financial Accounting 1, Part B is Financial Accounting 2 and Part C is Project work.

Part A: Financial Accounting 1Unit 1: Theoretical Framework It covers topics like Introduction to Accounting, role of Accounting in business, business transactions, liabilities, capital, profit and gain, applicability of Accounting Standards (AS) and Indian Accounting Standards (IndAS) and Goods and Services Tax (GST).Unit 2: Accounting Process It covers topics for Voucher and Transactions, Rules of Debit and Credit, Cash Book, Purchases book, Sales book, Recording of Transactions, about ledger, Difference between SLM and WDV, Trial balance and Rectification of Errors.

Part B: Financial Accounting 2 Unit 3: Financial Statements of Sole ProprietorshipThis unit covers topics related to financial statements. Understanding and applying accounting principles, including revenue and capital concepts, journal entries, preparation of trading and profit and loss account, balance sheet, and adjustments for various financial aspects in a sole ownership structure.

Part C: Project WorkStudents can choose projects involving source documents, vouchers, bank reconciliation, or a comprehensive exploration of a sole proprietorship’s financial aspects using charts and diagrams.

2. Biology (Science Stream)

• CBSE Class 11 Biology explores the intriguing world of living organisms, understanding their structures, functions, and the intricate web of life processes.
• This subject includes both theoretical and practical components, using a 70+30 marking system. They also include different sets of experiments for visually impaired students.
• You can check the complete list of experiments and recommended NCERT books on CBSE official Website. 

Unit 1: Diversity of Living Organisms  Chapter 1: The Living World.Chapter 2: Biological Classification.Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom.Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom.

Unit 2: Structural Organization in Animals and Plant Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants.Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants.Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals.

Unit 3: Cell: Structure and Function Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life.Chapter 9: Biomolecules.Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division.

Unit 4: Plant Physiology Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants.Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants.Chapter 13: Plant – Growth and Development.

Unit 5: Human Physiology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases.Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation.Chapter 16: Excretory Products and their Elimination.Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement.Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination.Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration.

3. Bio Technology (Science Stream)

• CBSE Biotechnology in Class 11 introduces students to the exciting field where biology meets technology. Exploring genetic engineering, bioinformatics, and other cool topics, it shows how we use biology in modern technology.
• It comprises a theory and practical component, with 70 marks dedicated to theory and 30 marks to practical aspects.
• In this, students will be learning about Building Blocks of Carbohydrates, Building Blocks of Lipids , Biomembranes, Historical Perspective, Multiple Alleles,DNA Replication, Fine Structure of the Genes,Cell Structure and Components and many such things.

Unit 1: Biotechnology: An overview Chapter 1: Biotechnology: An Overview.

Unit 2: Molecules of Life Chapter 1: Biomolecules: Building Blocks.Chapter 2: Macromolecules: Structure & Function.

Unit 3: Genetics and Molecular Biology Chapter 1: Concepts of Genetics.Chapter 2: Genes and Genomes: Structure and Function.

Unit 4: Cells and Organisms Chapter 1: The Basic Unit of Life.Chapter 2: Cell Growth and Development.

Practical: Each student must conduct the following experiments throughout the academic session. 1. Preparation of buffers and pH determination.2. Sterilisation techniques.3. Preparation of bacterial growth medium.4. Cell counting.5. Sugar Estimation using Di Nitro Salicylic Acid test (DNS test).6. Assay for amylase enzymes.7. Protein estimation by biuret method.

4. Business Studies (Commerce Stream)

• CBSE Class 11 Business Studies introduces students to the fundamentals of business, covering topics like business environments, management principles, and marketing strategies. The curriculum aims to foster a foundational understanding of key business concepts, preparing students for future academic and professional pursuits in the business field.
• It comprises two components: an 80-mark theory section and a 20-mark project segment.
• In this course, students will learn about the History of Trade and Commerce in India, concepts of Business, Profession, and Employment, Commerce-Trade, Cooperative Societies, including their concepts, merits, and limitations. The curriculum also covers topics like Global Enterprises, Insurance Principles and Types, Entrepreneurship Development (ED), Small Scale Enterprise as defined by the MSMED Act 2006, and various other interesting aspects of business.

Part A: Foundations of Business Unit 1: Nature and Purpose of Business.Unit 2: Forms of Business Organisations.Unit 3: Public, Private and Global Enterprises.Unit 4: Business Services.Unit 5: Emerging Modes of Business.Unit 6: Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics.

Part B: Finance and Trade Unit 7: Sources of Business Finance.Unit 8: Small Business.Unit 9: Internal Trade.Unit 10: International Business.

5. Chemistry (Science Stream)

• In CBSE Class 11 Chemistry, you learn about the basics like chemical bonding, states of matter, and thermodynamics. It’s all about understanding how different elements interact and set the stage for more advanced chemistry.
• The marks breakup for the subject is as follows: a total of 100 marks, comprising 70 marks for theory and 30 marks for practical.
• You can check about the recommended NCERT books on CBSE official Website.
• They have different experiments for visually impaired students. 

Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry  The curriculum introduces Chemistry’s importance and scope, covering topics such as the nature of matter, chemical laws, Dalton’s atomic theory, atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, percentage composition, and stoichiometry.

Unit 2: Structure of Atom  Covering the discovery of particles, atomic structure, and various atomic models, the curriculum explores the dual nature of matter, quantum principles, and rules for electron filling in orbitals, concluding with electronic configurations and stability considerations.

Unit 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Exploring classification, the curriculum covers the brief history of the periodic table, modern periodic law, periodic trends, and nomenclature for elements beyond atomic number 100.

Unit 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure  The curriculum covers chemical bonding essentials: valence electrons, ionic/covalent bonds, Lewis structures, resonance, VSEPR, hybridization, and hydrogen bonds.

Unit 5: Chemical Thermodynamics  The curriculum covers thermodynamic basics: system types, surroundings, work, heat, energy, first law principles, and introduction to entropy and Gibbs energy for spontaneous processes.

Unit 6:  Equilibrium  Students get to explore the dynamic aspects of equilibrium, the curriculum encompasses the law of mass action, equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier’s principle, and ionic equilibrium concepts.

Unit 7: Redox Reactions Covering oxidation and reduction concepts, the curriculum explores redox reactions, oxidation numbers, and balancing reactions in terms of electron loss/gain, with practical applications discussed.

Unit 8: Organic Chemistry -Some Basic Principles and Techniques  The curriculum introduces organic compound classification and IUPAC naming, exploring electronic displacements (inductive effect, resonance) and covalent bond fission, covering free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles, nucleophiles, and various organic reaction types.

Unit 9: Hydrocarbons  The curriculum covers hydrocarbon classification, focusing on aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) with nomenclature, isomerism, and reactions, and aromatic hydrocarbons, emphasising benzene’s resonance, aromaticity, and electrophilic substitution mechanisms.

6. Computer Science (Science, Arts Streams)

• Computer Science introduces fundamental concepts like Python programming, computer organisation, data management, and networking basics, fostering practical coding skills and problem-solving.
• Theoretical examinations carry a weightage of 70 marks, while the remaining 30 marks are allocated for practical assessments.

Unit 1: Computer Systems and Organisation In this unit, students explore fundamental topics such as Basic Computer Organization, Software Types, Operating Systems, Boolean Logic, Number Systems, and Encoding Schemes.

Unit 2: Computational Thinking and Programming -1 This unit covers problem-solving basics, Python programming fundamentals, including data types, operators, expressions, statements, and input/output. It also includes an overview of errors, flow control, conditional and iterative statements, as well as an introduction to Python modules, covering strings, lists, tuples, and dictionaries.

Unit 3: Society, Law, and Ethics This unit addresses Digital Footprints, the Digital Society, and Netizenship, along with topics like Data Protection, Cyber Crime, Cyber Safety, Malware, E-waste Management, the Information Technology Act (IT Act), and the intersection of Technology and Society.

7. Economics (Commerce Stream)

• CBSE Class 11 Economics covers fundamental economic principles, including microeconomics, macroeconomics, and key concepts, fostering an understanding of economic systems and policies.
• It comprises 80 marks for theoretical understanding and 20 marks for project work, providing a comprehensive assessment approach.

Part A: Statistics for Economics This section encompasses an introduction, data collection, organisation, presentation, and statistical tools with interpretation.

Part B: Introductory Microeconomics Covering an introduction, consumer’s equilibrium and demand, producer behaviour and supply, and forms of market along with price determination under perfect competition, the Economics curriculum provides a comprehensive exploration of these concepts.

8. Geography (Arts Stream)

• In geography students get to explore diverse geographical concepts, including physical features, human geography, and environmental issues.
• The marks breakdown for this assessment is a total of 100, with 70 allocated for theory and 30 for map work.

Part A: Fundamental of Human Geography

Unit 1: Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1: Geography as a Discipline.

Unit 2: The Earth Chapter 2: The Origin and Evolution of the Earth.Chapter 3:  Interior of the Earth.Chapter 4: Distribution of oceans and continents.

Unit 3: Landforms Chapter 5: Geomorphic Processes.Chapter 6: Landform and their Evolution.

Unit 4: Climate Chapter 7: Composition and Structure of Atmosphere.Chapter 8: Solar Radiation, Heat balance and Temperature.Chapter 9: Atmospheric Circulations and Weather Systems.Chapter 10: Water in the Atmosphere.Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change.

Unit 5: Water (Oceans) Chapter 12: Water (Oceans).Chapter 13: Movements of Ocean Water.

Unit 6: Life on the Earth Chapter 14: Biodiversity and Conservation.

Part B: India Physical Environment

Unit 1: Introduction Chapter 1: India- Location.

Unit 2: PhysiographyChapter 2: Structure and Physiography.Chapter 3: Drainage System.

Unit 3: Climate Vegetation and Soil Chapter 4: Climate.Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation.

Unit 4: Natural Hazards and Disasters: Causes Consequences and Management Chapter 6:Natural Hazards and Disasters.

9. History (Arts Stream)

• In this students engage in an in-depth exploration of historical events, societies, and cultures, enhancing their comprehension of the past.
• The assessment structure includes 80 marks for theory and 20 marks for project work.

Section 1: Early societies This focuses on Iraq in the 3rd millennium BCE, exploring the growth of towns, nature of early urban societies, and historians’ debate on the uses of writing.

Section 2: EMPIRESYou get to explore the chronological periods and grasp the dynamics of the Roman Empire, including its governance, economy, society, and culture, and further analyse its interactions with subcontinent empires, discussing slavery, examining cultural transformations and impacts, and distinguishing between Mongolian perspectives and the global opinion on Genghis Khan.

Section 3: CHANGING TRADITIONSStudy why the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Age of Exploration happened, understand how Italian cities influenced Renaissance Humanism and Realism, compare women’s lives during the Renaissance, learn about architecture, art, and literature of that time, and see how these changes affected later reforms and the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation.

Section 4: TOWARDS MODERNIZATION Learn about how Native people were affected in the making of America and Australia, look at how Europeans settled in these places, compare the lives of the original people, and explore the histories of China and Japan from the past to modern times, including changes like the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Chinese nationalism, and the shift from strict communism to more flexible socialism in China.

10. Home Science (Arts Stream)

• Home Science covers essential aspects of managing a home, including nutrition, textiles, human development, and family resource management. Students learn practical skills for everyday living, fostering a holistic understanding of home management and personal well-being.
• The marks breakup for the subject is as follows: a total of 100 marks, comprising 70 marks for theory and 30 marks for practical.

Unit 1: Introduction to Home Science In this unit students learn about household management, its diverse areas, holds equal importance for both genders, and opens up various career options.

Unit 2: Understanding oneself: Adolescence  In this, you will study various chapters, including “Understanding the Self,” “Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness,” “Management of Resources,” “Fabric Around Us,” and “Media Communication Technology.”

Unit 3: Understanding Family, Community and Society In this course, you will study topics such as “Concerns and Needs in Diverse Contexts,” “Nutrition, Health, and Hygiene,” and “Resources Availability and Management.”

Unit 4: Childhood In this course, you will study various chapters, including “Survival Growth and Development,” “Nutrition, Health, and Well-being,” and “Apparel”.

Unit 5: Adulthood In this course, you will explore essential topics, encompassing the Do’s and Don’ts for promoting health through diets, qualities indicative of a person with a high wellness rating, stress management and coping strategies, financial management including savings, laundering practices, investment, and the storage of textile products.

11. Informatic Practices (Arts Stream)

• Informatic Practices helps students develop skills in computer applications, programming, and data management. The curriculum covers a range of topics, including using software tools and applying programming languages for practical tasks, along with database handling.
• It comprises a theory and practical component, with 70 marks dedicated to theory and 30 marks to practical aspects.

Unit 1: Introduction to computer systems. This unit covers the evolution of computing devices, computer components, input/output devices, memory units, types, data recovery, security, and software distinctions.

Unit 2: Introduction to Python. This unit covers Python basics: interpreter modes, program structure, identifiers, operators, data types, input/output, and debugging.

Unit 3: Database concepts and the Structured Query Language. This covers database concepts, including the relational data model, MySQL introduction, and data manipulation using SQL.

Unit 4: Introduction to Emerging Trends. This covers AI, ML, NLP, AR/VR, Robotics, Big Data, IoT, Cloud Computing (SaaS, IaaS, PaaS), Grid Computing, and Blockchain.

12. Mathematics (Commerce, Science Streams)

• CBSE 11th class Mathematics emphasises algebra, calculus, and geometry, cultivating problem-solving skills and practical applications in real-world contexts.
• The assessment structure comprises 80 marks for total theory and 20 marks for internal assessment.

Unit 1: Sets and Functions Chapter 1: Sets.Chapter 2: Relations & Functions.Chapter 3: Trigonometric Functions.

Unit 2: Algebra Chapter 4:Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations.Chapter 5: Linear Inequalities.Chapter 6: Permutations and Combinations.Chapter 7: Binomial Theorem.Chapter 8: Sequence and Series.

Unit 3: Coordinate Geometry Chapter 9: Straight Lines.Chapter 10: Conic Sections.Chapter 11: Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry.

Unit 4: Calculus Chapter 12: Limits and Derivatives.

Unit 5: Statistics and Probability Chapter 13: Statistics.Chapter 14: Probability.

13. Applied Mathematics (Commerce, Arts Stream)

• Applied Mathematics emphasises practical applications like statistics, financial maths, and optimization, distinguishing itself from traditional maths by focusing on real-world problem-solving through mathematical modelling.
• The assessment structure comprises 80 marks for total theory and 20 marks for internal assessment.

Unit 1: Numbers, Quantification and Numerical Applications

Unit 2: Algebra

Unit 3: Mathematical Reasoning

Unit 4: Calculus

Unit 5: Probability

Unit 6: Descriptive Statistics

Unit 7: Basics of Financial Mathematics

Unit 8: Coordinate Geometry

14. Physics (Science Stream)

• Physics introduces foundational concepts in mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, fostering a deeper understanding of the principles governing the physical world.
• The total marks for the subject are 100, divided into 70 for theory and 30 for practical assessment.

Unit 1: Physical World and Measurement Chapter 1: Units and Measurements.

Unit 2: Kinematics Chapter 2: Motion in a Straight Line.Chapter 3: Motion in a Plane.

Unit 3: Laws of Motion  Chapter 4:Laws of Motion.

Unit 4: Work, Energy and Power Chapter 5: Work, Energy and Power.

Unit 5: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body Chapter 6: System of Particles and Rotational Motion.

Unit 6: Gravitation  Chapter 7: Gravitation.

Unit 7: Properties of Bulk Matter Chapter 8: Mechanical Properties of Solids.Chapter 9: Mechanical Properties of Fluids.Chapter 10: Thermal Properties of Matter.

Unit 8: Thermodynamics Chapter 11:  Thermodynamics.

Unit 9: Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic Theory of GasesChapter 12: Kinetic Theory.

Unit 10: Oscillations and Waves Chapter 13: Oscillations.Chapter 14: Waves.

15. Physical Education (Science, Arts, Commerce Streams)

• The Physical Education curriculum emphasises holistic development, integrating theoretical knowledge with practical skills to foster a comprehensive understanding of the principles and importance of physical well-being.
• It comprises a theory and practical component, with 70 marks dedicated to theory and 30 marks to practical aspects.

Unit 1:  Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education Students explore the concept, aims, and objectives of the subject, study the development of Physical Education in post-independence India, analyse changing trends in sports technology, and examine diverse career options, with a focus on enhancing the Khelo-India Program for broader impact.

Unit 2: Olympism Value Education Students discover Ancient and Modern Olympics, explore Olympism values like excellence, friendship, and respect, and study Olympic education, covering joy of effort, fair play, respect, pursuit of excellence, and the mind-body balance, while also understanding Olympic symbols, motto, flag, oath, anthem, and the Movement’s structure.

Unit 3: Yoga Students understand the significance of Yoga, about Ashtanga Yoga, delve into Yogic Kriyas (Shat Karma), explore the various types of Pranayama, and acquire knowledge on maintaining an active lifestyle and stress management through the practice of Yoga.

Unit 4: Physical Education and Sports for Children with Special Needs  Students learn about disabilities, types like intellectual and physical, and what causes them. They also understand how to treat people with disabilities politely. The class covers goals of Adaptive PE and the jobs of different experts like counsellors, therapists, and teachers who help kids with special needs.

Unit 5: Physical Fitness, Health and WellnessStudents discover the significance of Wellness, Health, and Physical Fitness, explore their different components, and learn about traditional sports and regional games for promoting well-being, along with understanding the concept of leadership through physical activity and sports.

Unit 6: Test, Measurement & Evaluation Students learn to define test, measurements, and evaluation, understand their importance in sports, apply practical skills in calculating BMI, Waist-Hip Ratio, and Skinfold measurements (3-site), explore somatotypes, grasp the classification of tests in Physical Education and Sports, and delve into health-related fitness measurements.

Unit 7: Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology in Sports Students explore the definition and importance of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology in Exercise and Sports, covering the function of the skeletal system, classification of bones, types of joints, properties and functions of muscles, as well as the structure and functions of the circulatory and respiratory systems.

Unit 8: Fundamentals of Kinesiology and Biomechanics in Sports Students explore the definition and importance of Kinesiology and Biomechanics in sports, study kinetics and kinematics in sports, and understand various types of body movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, supination, and pronation, along with the application of axis and planes in body movements.

Unit 9: Psychology & Sports Students learn the significance of Psychology in sports, study developmental characteristics, address adolescent issues, explore team cohesion, and get introduced to psychological attributes like attention, resilience, and mental toughness.

Unit 10: Training and Doping in Sports Students learn sports training principles, training dynamics (overload, adaptation, recovery), warming-up and limbering down, skill concepts, and the drawbacks of doping.

16. Political Science (Arts Stream)

• Students get to learn about the fundamentals of political theory, governance structures, and global political systems, fostering an understanding of political concepts and their real-world applications.
• The assessment structure includes 80 marks for theory and 20 marks for project work.

Part A: Indian Constitution at Work

Chapter 1: Constitution: Why and How?

Chapter 2: Rights in the Indian Constitution.

Chapter 3: Election and Representation.

Chapter 4: Executive.

Chapter 5: Legislature.

Chapter 6: Judiciary.

Chapter 7: Federalism.

Chapter 8: Local Governments.

Chapter 9: Constitution as a Living Document.

Chapter 10: The Philosophy of the Constitution.

Part B: Political Theory

Chapter 1: Political Theory: An Introduction.

Chapter 2: Freedom.

Chapter 3: Equality.

Chapter 4: Social Justice.

Chapter 5: Rights.

Chapter 6: Citizenship.

Chapter 7: Nationalism.

Chapter 8: Secularism.

17. Psychology (Arts Stream)

• Students will get to explore the understanding of human behaviour and mental processes, studying various psychological theories and concepts to gain insights into the intricacies of the mind.
• It comprises a theory and practical component, with 70 marks dedicated to theory and 30 marks to practical aspects.

Unit 1: What is Psychology? In this unit, students will explore the understanding of mind and behaviour, examine popular notions about the discipline of psychology, trace the evolution of psychology, analyse its development in India, explore various branches of psychology, understand its interconnection with other disciplines, and recognize the practical applications of psychology in everyday life.

Unit 2: Methods of Enquiry in Psychology In this unit, students will explore the goals of psychological inquiry, understand the steps in conducting scientific research, examine alternative paradigms of research, delve into the nature of psychological data, learn important methods in psychology such as observational, experimental, correlational, survey research, psychological testing, and case study, analyse data using quantitative and qualitative methods, and discuss the limitations and ethical issues associated with psychological inquiry.

Unit 3: Human Development Students will explore the meaning of development, adopt a life-span perspective, analyse factors influencing development, examine the context of development, and gain an overview of developmental stages, including prenatal, infancy, childhood, the challenges of adolescence, and adulthood to old age.

Unit 4: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes In this unit, students will explore understanding the world through the nature and varieties of stimuli, sense modalities, attentional processes, perceptual processes, the role of the perceiver, principles of perceptual organisation, the perception of space, depth, and distance, monocular and binocular cues, perceptual constancies, illusions, and the socio-cultural influences on perception.

Unit 5: Learning In this unit, students will explore the nature of learning, examine paradigms such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning along with their determinants, understand observational learning, cognitive learning, verbal learning, skill learning, factors facilitating learning, and address the topic of learning disabilities.

Unit 6: Human Memory Students will explore the nature of memory, understand the information processing approach through the stage model, examine memory systems including sensory, short-term, and long-term memories, delve into levels of processing, types of long-term memory (declarative and procedural episodic and semantic), study the nature and causes of forgetting, and discover techniques for enhancing memory such as mnemonics using images and organisation.

Unit 7: Thinking In this unit, students will explore the building blocks of thought, understand the processes of thinking including problem-solving, reasoning, and decision-making, examine the nature and process of creative thinking, and study the relationship between thought and language, along with the development of language and its use.

Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion In this unit, students will explore biological and psychosocial motives, examine Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, understand the nature of emotions and their expressions, including cultural influences on emotional expression and labelling, and learn techniques for managing negative emotions and enhancing positive emotions.

18. Sociology (Arts Stream)

• In Sociology, students delve into the study of society, its structures, institutions, and dynamics, exploring sociological theories to understand social phenomena and patterns.
• The assessment structure includes 80 marks for theory and 20 marks for project work.

Unit 1: Introducing Sociology Chapter 1:  Sociology, Society and its relationship with other Social Science disciplines.Chapter 2: Terms, concepts and their use in Sociology.Chapter 3: Understanding Social Institutions.Chapter 4: Culture and Socialization.

Unit 2: Understanding Society Chapter 5: Social Change and Social order in Rural and Urban Society.Chapter 6: Introducing Western Sociologists.Chapter 7: Indian Sociologists.